大家好！今天让小编来大家介绍下关于澳大利亚光伏fit_求关于澳大利亚的各方面的英文简介，越多越全面越好的问题，以下是小编对此问题的归纳整理，让我们一起来看看吧。
文章目录列表:
1.泰国为什么要实施光伏发电上网补贴电价（FIT），额度是多少?2.求关于澳大利亚的各方面的英文简介，越多越全面越好
3.向英语高手提问，feed-in tariff 翻译成什么
4.融资租赁与光伏电站结合的模式
泰国为什么要实施光伏发电上网补贴电价（FIT），额度是多少?
泰国政府宣布了对200MW屋顶光伏系统及800MW社区地面光伏电站FIT补贴率。这些系统接收FIT的时间为25年，而不是之间的10年时间，屋顶系统的最迟安装时间为今年的12月底完成。
泰国政府宣布计划将在安装装机容量为1GW光伏电站，其中200MW为屋顶光伏系统。
泰国补贴1GW光伏电站 关注东南亚市场机会
泰国国家能源政策委员已经批准将对装机容量1GW屋顶光伏系统及社区光伏电站提供FIT补贴，补贴的期限为25年，而不是之前的10年时间。
随着泰国在周二宣布此消息后，泰国太阳能目标将达到3GW，而泰国将对装机总量为100MW，单体容量为10KW以下的屋顶系统提供FIT补贴，并为装机总量为100MW，单体容量为10KW到250KW及250KW到1MW系统提供补贴。
小型系统的补贴为6.69泰铢（0.22美元）/千瓦，为期25年；中型光伏系统价格为6.55泰铢/千瓦，大型国内地面电站补贴额为6.16泰铢/千瓦。而若想获得补贴，屋顶系统的最迟安装期限为今年12月底。
泰国政府还宣布对800MW社区地面电站将提供不同的FIT补贴率。
泰国社区电站的FIT补贴时间也是25年，但是FIT补贴会出现递减。其中前三年为FIT补贴率为9.75泰铢/千瓦；第四年到第十年，FIT补贴率为6.5泰铢/千瓦。
泰国国家能源监管委员会正在起草此法律的执行规则。
求关于澳大利亚的各方面的英文简介，越多越全面越好
第1章 太阳能资源
1.1 太阳能利用的必要性与利用方式
1.2 太阳能资源的特点
1.3 衡量太阳辐射的指标
1.3.1 辐照度
1.3.2 光谱强度分布
1.3.3 直射辐射(直射光/平行光)与散射辐射(散射光)
1.4 影响接收地表太阳辐射的因素
1.4.1 大气质量数AM(Air.Mass)与纬度
1.4.2 AM1.5 标准光谱
1.4.3 接收面朝向
1.4.4 追踪太阳机制
1.5 世界与中国的太阳辐照分布
参考文献
第2章 光伏发电原理与光伏电池
2.1 光伏技术基本原理
2.1.1 光生伏特效应
2.1.2 本征半导体、P型、N型半导体
2.1.3 P.N结
2.1.4 太阳能电池的原理与转换效率
2.2 第一代晶体硅太阳能电池
2.2.1 单晶硅太阳能电池
2.2.2 多晶硅太阳能电池
2.3 第二代薄膜太阳能电池
2.3.1 硅基薄膜电池
2.3.2 铜铟镓硒
2.3.3 碲化镉
2.4 第三代太阳能电池
2.4.1 染料敏化电池(Dye.Sensitized.Solar.Cell,DSSC)
2.4.2 有机光伏电池(Organic.Photovoltaic,OPV)
2.4.3 量子点电池
2.5 Ⅲ.Ⅴ族多结电池与聚光光伏
2.5.1 Ⅲ.Ⅴ族多结电池
2.5.2 Ⅲ.Ⅴ族多结聚光电池
2.6 太阳能光伏电池的研究现状
参考文献
第3章 光伏组件
3.1 晶体硅光伏组件
3.1.1 电池连接方式
3.1.2 组件构成
3.1.3 组件特性与参数
3.2 薄膜光伏组件
3.2.1 电池连接方式
3.2.2 组件构成
3.2.3 组件特性与参数
3.3 聚光光伏组件
3.3.1 组件构成
3.3.2 组件特性与参数
参考文献
第4章 光伏发电系统
4.1 光伏发电系统基本原理与组成
4.2 光伏发电系统的类型
4.2.1 并网与离网光伏发电系统
4.2.2 地面光伏系统及与建筑结合的光伏发电系统
4.3 自发自用的建筑屋顶分散式光伏发电系统
4.3.1 工程安装
4.3.2 资金投入与回报
4.3.3 社会效益
4.3.4 潜在经济效益
4.3.5 推广自发自用分散式屋顶光伏系统
4.4 光伏发电成本
4.4.1 光伏发电系统的成本构成
4.4.2 均化发电成本(Levelized.Cost.of.Electricity,LCOE)
4.5 光伏系统的应用
参考文献
第5章 光伏系统的设计
5.1 光伏系统容量与发电量的设计计算
5.1.1 系统设计思路、步骤与内容
5.1.2 与设计相关的因素与技术条件
5.1.3 方阵倾角的选择
5.1.4 日照与阴影分析
5.1.5 系统装机容量、发电量计算方法
5.2 光伏系统的结构设计
5.2.1 确定光伏电站现场布置
5.2.2 光伏组件强度、重量与尺寸
5.2.3 方阵基础与支架设计
5.2.4 配电房安排
5.3 光伏系统的电气设计
5.3.1 直流汇流箱的配置
5.3.2 逆变器的选型
5.3.3 交直流配电柜设计
5.3.4 防雷与接地系统设计
5.3.5 蓄电池组的设计
5.4 并网接入设计
参考文献
第6章 光伏逆变器
6.1 逆变器的定义与分类
6.1.1 逆变器的定义
6.1.2 逆变器的分类
6.1.3 逆变器的发展前景
6.2 光伏逆变器
6.2.1 光伏逆变器的分类
6.2.2 逆变器的工作原理
6.2.3 国内外逆变器发展现状
6.3 光伏离网逆变器
6.3.1 额定输出容量
6.3.2 输出电压稳定度
6.3.3 整机逆变效率
6.3.4 过载保护功能
6.3.5 设备启动性能
6.4 光伏并网逆变器
6.4.1 最大功率跟踪
6.4.2 防孤岛效应
6.4.3 自动运行与停机功能
6.4.4 自动电压调整
6.4.5 直流检测
6.5 逆变器制作及其使用维护
6.5.1 逆变器的工作原理
6.5.2 逆变器制作过程
6.5.3 逆变器的操作使用与维护检修
参考文献
第7章 光伏发电储能装置
7.1 铅酸蓄电池
7.1.1 铅酸蓄电池简介
7.1.2 铅酸蓄电池的性能参数
7.1.3 免维护铅酸蓄电池
7.1.4 胶体蓄电池
7.2 其他储能电池与器件
7.2.1 镍镉电池
7.2.2 镍氢电池
7.2.3 锂离子电池
7.2.4 超级电容器
7.3 蓄电池充放电控制与管理
7.3.1 光伏控制器的分类与电路原理
7.3.2 光伏控制器的性能特点与技术参数
7.3.3 光伏控制器的选型配置
参考文献
第8章 其他电气设备与部件
8.1 直流侧设备
8.1.1 汇流箱
8.1.2 直流配电柜
8.1.3 离网控制器
8.1.4 储能蓄电池
8.1.5 光伏电缆
8.1.6 其他元器件
8.2 交流侧设备
8.2.1 交流配电柜
8.2.2 防逆流元件
8.2.3 交流防雷元件
8.2.4 配电盘
8.2.5 单向电能表(发电与用电)
8.2.6 干式变压器
8.3 并网监控系统设计
8.3.1 监控主机
8.3.2 网络版监控软件
8.3.3 系统调度
8.3.4 系统通信
8.3.5 谐波控制
参考文献
第9章 光伏追日系统
9.1 光伏追日系统的类型
9.2 光伏追日系统对组件“有效”效率的影响
9.2.1 采用追日系统的平板光伏组件
9.2.2 聚光光伏组件
9.3 光伏追日系统的工作原理
9.3.1 光伏追日系统的组成
9.3.2 简单追日机制示例
9.3.3 光伏追日系统的设计示例
9.4 光伏追日系统的技术参数
9.5 太阳能光伏发电系统用对日单轴自动跟踪装置技术要求
参考文献
第10章 光伏电站的施工、检测与维护
10.1 光伏电站施工
10.1.1 方阵基础及其光伏发电系统施工
10.1.2 配电设备及其设备之间线缆施工
10.1.3 防雷接地及其监控检测系统施工
10.2 光伏系统检测及其检测仪器
10.2.1 设备外观检查
10.2.2 设备性能测试
10.2.3 光伏方阵绝缘电阻的测量
10.2.4 逆变设备绝缘电阻的测量
10.2.5 接地电阻测量
10.2.6 绝缘电阻测量
10.2.7 电能质量与并网保护装置测试
10.3 光伏电站管理维护
10.3.1 建立光伏电站的管理体系
10.3.2 光伏电站维护管理的基本内容
10.3.3 光伏电站日常管理的制度
参考文献
第11章 光伏发电系统效益与运营模式
11.1 光伏发电的效益
11.1.1 综述
11.1.2 经济成本
11.1.3 减排效益
11.1.4 社会效益
11.1.5 能量回报
11.2 光伏发电市场的政策扶持
11.2.1 国外光伏发电扶持政策
11.2.2 国内光伏发电政策
11.3 并网光伏系统开发模式
11.3.1 地面并网光伏电站
11.3.2 分散式并网光伏系统
11.4 并网光伏系统的运营模式
11.4.1 上网电价(FIT)模式
11.4.2 节能表现协议(Energy.Performance.Contracting,EPC)
11.4.3 电力购买协议(PPA)
11.5 离网光伏系统开发与运营模式
参考文献
第12章 中国光伏市场与政策
12.1 中国太阳能光伏市场现状
12.1.1 “光伏大国”
12.1.2 “两头在外”
12.1.3 “突围之路”
12.1.4 国内光伏市场发展历程
12.1.5 上网电价——特许招标
12.2 市场前景预测
12.2.1 我国太阳能市场潜力
12.2.2 世界太阳能市场发展
12.2.3 中国太阳能发展现状及前景预测
12.3 适合中国国情的光伏政策
12.3.1 中国能源现状与经济转型概述
12.3.2 观念转变
12.3.3 政策的可行性、科学性
12.3.4 国内光伏政策的现状和展望
参考文献
第13章 光伏发电的其他应用
13.1 太空光伏发电站
13.1.1 微波输电的发展史
13.1.2 微波输能的基本原理
13.1.3 SSPS计划的由来
13.1.4 SSPS计划的原理
13.1.5 太空光伏电站的技术与经济问题
13.2 电动车光伏充电站
13.2.1 电动车充电站的基本原理
13.2.2 光伏充电站设计
13.2.3 电动车光伏充电站投资成本
参考文献
第14章 太阳能光伏发电系统应用实例
14.1 深圳福田园博园1MWP光伏屋顶并网电站
14.1.1 项目安装地情况
14.1.2 环境与资源情况
14.1.3 光伏电站方案描述
14.1.4 光伏电站主要设备
14.1.5 环保效益
14.1.6 社会效益
14.1.7 经济效益
14.2 内蒙古乌海科技馆50kWP光伏屋顶并网电站
14.2.1 项目安装地情况
14.2.2 环境与资源情况
14.2.3 光伏电站方案描述
14.2.4 光伏电站主要设备
14.2.5 环保效益
14.2.6 社会效益
14.2.7 经济效益
14.3 深圳市宝安区新湖中学4.32kWP光伏地面离网电站
14.3.1 项目安装地情况
14.3.2 光伏电站方案描述
14.3.3 光伏电站主要设备
14.3.4 环保效益
14.3.5 社会效益
14.3.6 经济效益
14.4 杭州万轮科技创业中心5.12kWP光伏屋顶并网电站
14.4.1 项目安装地情况
14.4.2 环境与资源情况
14.4.3 光伏电站方案描述
14.4.4 光伏电站主要设备
14.4.5 环保效益
14.4.6 社会效益
14.4.7 经济效益
14.5 巩义市青龙山庄50kWP地面光伏并网电站
14.5.1 项目安装地情况介绍
14.5.2 环境与资源情况
14.5.3 光伏电站方案描述
14.5.4 光伏电站主要设备
14.5.5 环保效益
14.5.6 社会效益
14.5.7 经济效益
附录1 “关于实施金太阳示范工程的通知”
附录2 关于做好2010年金太阳集中应用示范工作的通知
附录3 第二批光伏特许权招标结果公告
附录4 金太阳示范工程财政补助资金管理暂行办法
附录5 金太阳示范工程和太阳能光电建筑应用示范工程关键设备入围企业目录
附录6 2010年金太阳示范工程项目目录
向英语高手提问，feed-in tariff 翻译成什么
分类: 教育/科学 >> 外语学习
问题描述:
中英文对照的更好
解析:
Australia
Introduction
Background: Aboriginal settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast Asia about 40,000 years before the first Europeans began exploration in the 17th century. No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took possession in the name of Great Britain. Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop its agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II. In recent decades, Australia has transformed itself into an internationally petitive, advanced market economy. It boasted one of the OECD's fastest growing economies during the 1990's, a performance due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980's. Long-term concerns include pollution, particularly depletion of the ozone layer, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef.
Geography
Location: Oceania, continent beeen the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates: 27 00 S, 133 00 E
Map references: Oceania
Area: total: 7,686,850 sq km
land: 7,617,930 sq km
water: 68,920 sq km
note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island
Area - parative: slightly *** aller than the US contiguous 48 states
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 25,760 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
Terrain: mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m
highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m
Natural resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum
Land use: arable land: 6.55% (includes about 27 million hectares of cultivated grassland)
permanent crops: 0.04%
other: 93.41% (2001)
Irrigated land: 24,000 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires
Environment - current issues: soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural fresh water resources
Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography - note: world's *** allest continent but sixth-largest country; population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; the invigorating tropical sea breeze known as the "Fremantle Doctor" affects the city of Perth on the west coast, and is one of the most consistent winds in the world
People
Population: 20,090,437 (July 2005 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 19.8% (male 2,038,809/female 1,943,563)
15-64 years: 67.2% (male 6,815,600/female 6,695,189)
65 years and over: 12.9% (male 1,145,274/female 1,452,002) (2005 est.)
Median age: total: 36.56 years
male: 35.74 years
female: 37.4 years (2005 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.87% (2005 est.)
Birth rate: 12.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Death rate: 7.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Net migration rate: 3.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 4.69 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.08 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 80.39 years
male: 77.52 years
female: 83.4 years (2005 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.76 children born/woman (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - *** prevalence rate: 0.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 14,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 200 (2003 est.)
Nationality: noun: Australian(s)
adjective: Australian
Ethnic groups: Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%
Religions: Catholic 26.4%, Anglican 20.5%, other Christian 20.5%, Buddhist 1.9%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 12.7%, none 15.3% (2001 Census)
Languages: English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%, unspecified 5.8% (2001 Census)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100% (1980 est.)
Government
Country name: conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia
conventional short form: Australia
Government type: democratic, federal-state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign
Capital: Canberra
Administrative divisions: 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Ta *** ania, Victoria, Western Australia
Dependent areas: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island
Independence: 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies)
National holiday: Australia Day, 26 January (1788)
Constitution: 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
Legal system: based on English mon law; accepts pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and pulsory
Executive branch: chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Michael JEFFERY (since 11 August 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11 March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister Mark VAILE (since 6 July 2005)
cabi: Prime Minister nominates, from among members of Parliament, candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the Governor General to serve as government ministers
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the remendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor general
note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76 seats - 12 from each of the six states and o from each of the o mainland territories; one-half of state members are elected every three years by popular vote to serve six-year terms while all territory members are elected every three years) and the House of Representatives (150 seats; members elected by popular preferential voting to serve terms of up to three-years; no state can have fewer than five representatives)
elections: Senate - last held 9 October 2004 (next to be held no later than June 2008); House of Representatives - last held 9 October 2004 (next to be called no later than November 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party (for session beginning on 1 July 2002) - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 35, Australian Labor Party 28, Australian Democrats 7, Green Party 2, One Nation Party 1, Australian Progressive Alliance 1, independent 2; (for session beginning on 1 July 2005) - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 39, Australian Labor Party 28, Democrats 4, Australian Greens 4, Family First Party 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 87, Australian Labor Party 60, independents 3
Judicial branch: High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are appointed by the governor general)
Political parties and leaders: Australian Democrats [Lyn ALLISON]; Australian Labor Party [Kim BEAZLEY]; Australian Progressive Alliance [Meg LEES]; Australian Greens [Bob BROWN]; Liberal Party [John Winston HOWARD]; The Nationals [Mark VAILE]; One Nation Party [Len HARRIS]; Family First Party [Steve FIELDING]
International anization participation: ANZUS, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CP, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, Paris Club, PCA, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMEE, UNMISET, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WToO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael J. THAWLEY
chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000
FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador J. Thomas SCHIEFFER
embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600
mailing address: APO AP 96549
telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600
FAX: [61] (02) 6214-5970
consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
Flag description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories; the remaining half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one *** all five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars
Economy
Economy - overview: Australia has an enviable Western-style capitalist economy, with a per capita GDP on par with the four dominant West European economies. Rising output in the domestic economy, robust business and consumer confidence, and rising exports of raw materials and agricultural products are fueling the economy. Australia's emphasis on reforms, low inflation, and growing ties with China are other key factors behind the economy's strength. The impact of drought, weak foreign demand, and strong import demand pushed the trade deficit up from $8 billion in 2002, to $18 billion in 2003, and to $13 billion in 2004. One other concern is the rapid increase in domestic housing prices, which have raised the prospect that interest rates will need to be raised to prevent a speculative bubble.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $611.7 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 3.5% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $30,700 (2004 est.)
GDP - position by sector: agriculture: 3.4%
industry: 28.2%
services: 68.4% (2004 est.)
Labor force: 10.35 million (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 3.6%, industry 26.4%, services 70% (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate: 5.1% (December 2004 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA
Household ine or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 25.4% (1994)
Distribution of family ine - Gini index: 35.2 (1994)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.3% (2004 est.)
Investment (gross fixed): 25.3% of GDP (2004 est.)
Budget: revenues: $222.7 billion
expenditures: $221.7 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)
Public debt: 17.4% of GDP (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products: wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry
Industries: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel
Industrial production growth rate: 1.9% (2004 est.)
Electricity - production: 210.3 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - consumption: 195.6 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2002)
Oil - production: 537,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption: 796,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports: 523,400 bbl/day (2001)
Oil - imports: 530,800 bbl/day (2001)
Oil - proved reserves: 3.664 billion bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production: 33.08 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 23.33 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 9.744 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 2.407 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)
Current account balance: $-38.3 billion (2004 est.)
Exports: $86.89 billion (2004 est.)
Exports - modities: coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore, wheat, machinery and transport equipment
Exports - partners: Japan 18.6%, China 9.2%, US 8.1%, South Korea 7.7%, New Zealand 7.4%, India 4.6%, UK 4.2% (2004)
Imports: $98.1 billion (2004 est.)
Imports - modities: machinery and transport equipment, puters and office machines, telemunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum products
Imports - partners: US 14.8%, China 12.7%, Japan 11.8%, Germany 5.8%, Singapore 4.4%, UK 4.1% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $35.14 billion (2004 est.)
Debt - external: $308.7 billion (3rd quarter, 2004 est.)
Economic aid - donor: ODA, $894 million (FY99/00)
Currency (code): Australian dollar (AUD)
Exchange rates: Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: 10.815 million (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 14.347 million (2003)
Telephone system: general asses *** ent: excellent domestic and international service
domestic: domestic satellite system; much use of radiotelephone in areas of low population density; rapid growth of mobile cellular telephones
international: country code - 61; submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean), 2 Inmarsat (Indian and Pacific Ocean regions) (1998)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 262, FM 345, shorave 1 (1998)
Television broadcast stations: 104 (1997)
Inter country code: .au
Inter hosts: 2,847,763 (2003)
Inter users: 9.472 million (2002)
Transportation
Railways: total: 54,439 km (3859 km electrified)
broad gauge: 5,434 km 1.600-m gauge
standard gauge: 34,110 km 1.435-m gauge (1,397 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 14,895 km 1.067-m gauge (2,462 km electrified)
dual gauge: 213 km dual gauge (2004)
Highways: total: 811,603 km
paved: 314,090 km (including 18,619 km of expressways)
unpaved: 497,513 km (1999 est.)
Waterways: 2,000 km (mainly used for recreation on Murray and Murray-Darling river systems) (2004)
Pipelines: condensate/gas 492 km; gas 28,680 km; liquid petroleum gas 240 km; oil 4,773 km; oil/gas/water 110 km (2004)
Ports and harbors: Bri *** ane, Dampier, Fremantle, Gladstone, Hay Point, Melbourne, Newcastle, Port Hedland, Port Kembla, Port Walcott, Sydney
Merchant marine: total: 55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,531,461 GRT/1,999,409 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 16, cargo 7, chemical tanker 3, container 1, liquefied gas 4, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 8, roll on/roll off 5
foreign-owned: 16 (France 1, Germany 3, Japan 1, Philippines 1, Saudi Arabia 1, United Kingdom 2, United States 7)
registered in other countries: 35 (2005)
Airports: 448 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 305
over 3,047 m: 10
2,438 to 3,047 m: 12
1,524 to 2,437 m: 131
914 to 1,523 m: 139
under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 143
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17
914 to 1,523 m: 112
under 914 m: 14 (2004 est.)
Military
Military branches: Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force, Special Operations Command
Military manpower - military age and obligation: 16 years of age for voluntary service (2001)
Military manpower - availability: males age 16-49: 4,943,676 (2005 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 16-49: 4,092,717 (2005 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 142,158 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $16.65 billion (2004)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 2.7% (2004)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: East Timor and Australia continue to meet but disagree over how to delimit a permanent maritime boundary and share unexploited petroleum resources that fall outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; East Timor dispute hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia (see also Ashmore and Cartier Islands dispute); regional states express concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime indentification zone; Australia asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica (see Antarctica); in 2004 Australia submitted claims to UNCLOS to extend its continental margin from both its mainland and Antarctic claims
Illicit drugs: Ta *** ania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
融资租赁与光伏电站结合的模式
Feed-in Tariff：
上网电价；强制光伏上网电价；回购电价；电价补贴上网电价
08年产能仅次于中国而位居第二的德国，因实施上网电价(Feed-in Tariff)政策(规定政府必须以高于市场价的价格从电力公司购买利用太阳能发电等方式获得的可再生电力)，此前一直在快速增长。
强制光伏上网电价
入“强制光伏上网电价” （ feed-in tariff） ，要求企业和业主安装太阳能电池板，将产生的电能以非常优惠的价格回售给电网。
回购电价
目前，可再生能源通过回购电价（Feed-in Tariff）的形式获得补贴，并且欧盟共有27中补贴系统。但欧洲电力行业联盟表示不应通过补贴的方式来刺激对可再生能源的投入。
电价补贴
过去数年，为扶持太阳能发电产业，欧洲多国采取了强制上网电价补贴(Feed-in Tariff)的激励政策。但同时，巨额补贴开支成为部分政府难以承受的负担。
融资租赁与光伏电站结合的模式
引导语：融资租赁与光伏电站是如何结合的?有哪几种模式?下面是相关的分析资料，欢迎大家阅读学习。
国内电站运营商在融资环节引入融资租赁模式,对民营企业在分布式电站领域突破融资瓶颈具有重要意义。一方面可以融合取得项目批复公司与民间资本双方的优势，另一方面也可以解决PPP模式中公共设施的服务性、长期性和民间资本的获利性两方面需求。更为重要的是，融资租赁模式可以较为妥善的解决政府与企业的利益分割问题。
融资租赁对光伏行业的意义
融资租赁是指出租人与承租人签订租赁合同,与设备供应商签订购买合同,由供应商交付租赁物给承租人,承租人向出租人支付租金的模式。租赁本质上是为了使用资产而非获得资产,天然兼具服务和融资模式。光伏电站的开发运营类似于经营性物业,现金流稳定,适合引入融资租赁模式。融资租赁可优化运营商的资产负债结构和盈利模式,在提高杠杆的同时保持较高的信用评级。
国外融资租赁的模式创新?Solarcity模式
以Solarcity、SunRun和Sungevity为代表的公司在美国加州和新泽西等地区开展光伏租赁业务,为用户提供光伏系统的设计、安装和维护,通过收取客户的租赁费,在未来20年内获得持续稳定的.现金流。对于用户,通过该模式能以低成本或零成本获得光伏发电系统,并在未来使用中减少电费支出。在融资环节,Solarcity与Google、产业资本等投资的基金通过合资、转租和返租的形式,解决了租赁模式在初期高投入导致的资金短缺问题。各类基金在合作中可享有政府补贴及项目的投资收益,参与积极性高。在运营环节,用户以出让屋顶为代价可获取低电价的优惠,电力公司也能获得(收购-销售)电价差的效益。
Solarcity的租赁模式对国内有
借鉴意义，但近期难以推广
不同于美国的ITC、加速折旧税盾和绿色电力证书(REC),国内的FIT和度电补贴政策红利在产业链上的分配不均衡。电站开发商和系统集成商是主要受益者,但投资方和终端用户参与动力有限。美国加州等地的日照资源和销售电价?双高?,是推广理想地区。但国内销售电价和日照资源呈负相关,影响电站收益率。超过85%的美国居民拥有独栋住房,而国内城市以商品房住宅为主,农村的用电需求和经济相对较差,也限制Solarcity模式在国内的推广。国外资金成本低,7-8%收益率有吸引力,国内则不然。
国内融资租赁与光伏电站的结合模式融资租赁公司可为电站的建设运营提供直租和售后回租的服务,中电投和爱康科技率先开展光伏电站融资租赁业务。我们认为,租赁模式可提高电站项目的财务杠杆比例(二次加杠杆),提升资金使用效率,对电站运营商突破融资瓶颈具有重要意义。虽然资金成本的上升影响短期利润释放,但IRR和ROE都有一定提升。此外,光伏企业还能与融资租赁公司合资成立电站运营平台,类似Solarcity与基金合作并进行利润分成的模式,在国内尚未有先例。
我国光伏电站的几种融资租赁模式1直接租赁模式
2售后回租模式
3经营性租赁模式
4经营性售后回租模式
融资租赁案例
中电投集团旗下的上海融联租赁对中电投云南子公司的20MW地面电站开展了直租业务,爱康科技将持有80%股权的子公司青海蓓翔65MW电站资产出售给福能租赁,后者再把资产返祖给青海蓓翔运营。
总体而言,国内电站运营商在融资环节引入融资租赁模式,对民营企业在分布式电站领域突破融资瓶颈具有重要意义。Solarcity的成功与美国的特殊政策、电力、资源和经济环境密不可分,其模式在国内暂时难以模仿,带来更多的是融资模式创新的思考,有待政策配套和电力价格体系的完善。
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